The resistive voltage divider—a basic circuit taught in every introductory electronics course—may cause some problems during its implementation. If you've ever stood in front of a resistor kit while punching values into your calculator, this article is for you.
Typical kits don't include every value. So, finding an elusive ratio for which both values are commonly available can be a challenge. The small spreadsheet described below not only provides a table of 1% resistor values, it also makes it a snap to find the ratio you need using two available resistors.
Most engineers don't know that 1% resistor values are logarithmically spaced in increments of exactly 1/96th of a decade. Figure 1 shows a spreadsheet table of 1% resistor values, rounded to three significant digits. For example, the formula in cell B5 is =10^((B$4+$A5)/96), which is copied to B5 through G20. Only the yellow highlighted values are commonly available in resistor kits. A typical kit contains slightly more than one-fourth of the values.
In a typical application for resistive dividers, the divider ratio R2/(R1 + R2) supplies external feedback to the 4-MHz regulated stepdown converter (Fig. 2). (The feedback threshold at the FB terminal is 0.6 V, and the desired output is 1.5 V.)
To calculate values for R1 and R2, enter the regulator's desired output voltage (voltage at the top of the divider) in cell B3 and the regulator's feedback threshold (voltage at the divider midpoint) in cell C3. Then, the spreadsheet formula in cell D3 is =96*LOG(B3/C3-1), which returns a value of +16.9 steps for this example. That result is the number of 1% resistor-value steps separating R1 from R2.
Therefore, if you use R2 = 100 kΩ (cell B5), you would move +17 steps down the list to R1 = 150 kΩ (cell C6). That would be a good choice because both resistors are highlighted in yellow (commonly available). Very quickly from the spreadsheet table, you can see that R2 = 110 kΩ isn't a good choice for this example because R1 = 165 kΩ isn't commonly available. You can also quickly identify an exhaustive list of commonly available resistor values that would be suitable: 1.00:1.50, 1.21:1.82, 1.62:2.43, 1.82:2.74, 2.00:3.01, 2.21:3.32, 3.32:4.99, and 4.99:7.50. When the number of steps (D3) is negative, R1 is less than R2. Therefore, you should move in the opposite direction on the value list. In either direction, you may wrap around the list from 9.76 to 1.00, which means that you've moved to the next decade of resistance values. If you use resistive dividers for purposes other than regulator feedback, you may wish to rename cells B2 and C2 as "Vtop" and "Vmid," respectively.
The Figure 1 spreadsheet is available for download in Microsoft Excel format (DB2195XLspreadsheet.xls) and also in Pocket Excel format for Pocket PC (DB2195POCKETXLspreadsheet.PXL), formatted to fit the Pocket PC screen at 60% zoom, at ED Online 12236 at www.electronicdesign.com.
Very handy spreadsheet! By changing the formula in cell D3 to =96*LOG10(B3/C3-1) I was able to use it in OpenOffice 2.0.
Doug Bruce -June 26, 2006 (Article Rating: )
Great design aid, keep 'em coming
Anonymous -April 29, 2006 (Article Rating: )
What a great idea ;) I envision someone coding up a simple computer program (maybe even javascript) that helps to point out the solutions and narrow down the looking even further, as Aubrey Kagan mentions.
Anonymous -April 28, 2006 (Article Rating: )
An elegant method!
Some R-divider methods provide a solution but how do I know they are correct? This method is simple and lets ME determine the correct solution.
Stanley Spink -April 24, 2006 (Article Rating: )
Excellent article! We need more like this!
Anonymous -April 20, 2006 (Article Rating: )
Mr Volk,
I applaud your approach to using Excel to calculate the ratio of the resistors as well as an alternate way to calculate standard resistor values. However, I feel you stop short in using the full power of Excel to reduce the need to visually check each combination.
You could use Excel to calculate each and every resistor combination or just those that are commonly available. You can use the MIN function to find which ratio will give the closest approach to the target voltage. Then using MATCH and other lookup techniques (like INDEX), you could fetch the values from the table and present the optimized result in a dedicated location.
I dedicate chapter 7 to this approach in my book "Excel by Example: A Microsoft Excel Cookbook for Electronics Engineers ", ISBN 0750677562.
-Aubrey Kagan
Aubrey Kagan -April 17, 2006 (Article Rating: )
Your Comments:
Enter the text from the image below
Please refresh the page if you have trouble reading this text.
Search Electronic Design
Email Newsletter
Sponsored By:
The Find Power Products monthly newsletter brings you the most important new developments within the world of power design. The newsletter includes exerpts from industry leader Sam Davis's exclusive blog, as well as overviews of the latest new products.
Enter Email to Subscribe
Web Seminar
Sponsored By:
Title: Exploring How Good GUIs Drive Adoption in the Digital Power Management Space
Reprints
)
)
