Microcontroller Interface Delivers Standard 4- To 20- mA Output

By R. Jayapal, November 22, 2007

Microcontroller Interface Delivers Standard 4- To 20-mA Output

By R. Jayapal, October 25, 2007

Voltage-to-current converters that feed grounded loads are common in industrial measurement and control applications. The conventional "textbook" circuit uses both positive and negative supply rails. An earlier article by this

Drive Multiple Displays With A Single Microcontroller Port Line

By R. Jayapal, July 06, 2006

Seven-segment displays are needed in many instrument designs. In conventional microcontroller-based designs, four output port lines are allocated for one seven-segment display. Figure 1 shows the conventional design for four seven-segment LED

Analog Voting Circuit Is More Flexible Than Its Digital Version

By R. Jayapal, December 04, 2003

Majority voting systems are used to protect critical plants and processes. Such systems find applications in chemical, power, nuclear, and aerospace industries. Here, multiple sensors monitor a critical parameter, and the readings of, say, two...

Voltage-To-Current Converter Works From A Single-Supply Rail

By R. Jayapal, February 17, 2003

This voltage-to-current converter delivers a variable 4mA to 20mA output (0V to 1V input) using only a positive power-supply rail.