Generate Realistic Models For LED Current Versus Voltage

This article is part of the Series: Ideas for Design: Ideas for Design Volume 2

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LEDs are nonlinear devices with I/V curves that resemble the curves of rectifier diodes. Designers of lighting drivers require a good approach to modeling the LED device performance in the first quadrant of the I/V plane.

For engineering applications, there are three approaches to consider: the linear, bias-voltage plus resistor equivalent; a quadratic equation; and an exponential equation. Let’s use the three techniques with Cree’s XLamp XM-L LED as the LED to be modeled (Fig. 1).

1. Modeling the I/V curve of the Cree XLamp XM-L LED with increasing accuracy is the objective of this analysis.

The Linear Model

This model is the simplest, but the most inaccurate. It consists of a dc bias voltage plus a resistor (Fig. 2a). The equivalent mathematical form is given by:

Electronicdesign Com Sites Electronicdesign com Files Uploads 2013 01 Ifd2527 Equation1

2. The linear model (terminal view) is simplest and easiest to understand, but also the least accurate (a). The linear model results in this “curve,” which clearly has some shortcomings (b).

You select two data points (v_F, i_F) in coordinate form (i.e., 3.28 V, 2.6 A and 2.71 V, 0.2 A). Then, R is evaluated and yields 0.2375. The selection also implies a = 0.2 and b = 2.71. With all three parameters (a, b, R) properly assigned, the linear model yields Figure 2b. Evidently, the linear model offers the advantage of simplicity, but suffers in accuracy.

The Quadratic Model

The curve of Figure 1 has a concave portion that resembles one arm of a parabolic curve. It can be expressed with a quadratic equation of the form a₂v_F² + a₁v_F + a₀. The key is the determination of three coefficients: a₂, a₁, and a₀.

To determine these coefficients, you can use the well-known Least Square Polynomial Curve-fitting algorithm of linear algebra. To do this, select more than a dozen data points from Figure 1 (15 in this case) and place them in two matrixes. One is a 3x15 rectangular matrix C:

Electronicdesign Com Sites Electronicdesign com Files Uploads 2013 01 Ifd2527 Equation2

Electronicdesign Com Sites Electronicdesign com Files Uploads 2013 01 Ifd2527 Equation3 Sm

Electronicdesign Com Sites Electronicdesign com Files Uploads 2013 01 Ifd2527 Equation4

Using software tools such as Matlab from the Mathworks or MathCAD from the Mathsoft, you can easily compute Equation 4. For this example, we obtain:

Electronicdesign Com Sites Electronicdesign com Files Uploads 2013 01 Ifd2527 Equation5

Note that that the first element of vector a is coefficient a0, etc., which leads to the quadratic model of Figure 3. This approach yields significant improvements in the model across the whole operating range of the LED.

3. The curve based on a quadratic model curve is much closer to the reality of the I/V curve for this LED.

The Exponential Model

Figure 3 appears to bend more near the low current, which is where the exponential model may offer further improvement. This model comes in the form of ae^b·vF + c with three unknown parameters a, b, and c to be determined. Again, software tools such as MathCAD help you find those parameters numerically.

Under the specialized regression section, an exponential regression statement expfit ( v_F, i_F, vg) can find all three parameters, given a data set in vectors and initial guess value vg, also a column vector. For this example, a = 9.66 · 10^–3, b = 1.818, and c = –1.157 are obtained. This results in the exponential model of Figure 4.

4. The exponential model further refines the quadratic model and provides a better approximation in the low-current region of the LED.

Overall, the best fit near the low-current region may lie between the quadratic and the exponential models. It is unrealistic to expect a single, perfect prediction from any given model, since almost all such analytical efforts are an attempt to represent the complexities of nature.