Designing power systems for radiation-hardened (rad-hard) and radiation-tolerant space applications is a critical aspect of spacecraft engineering, as these systems must operate reliably in environments exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as cosmic rays and solar particle events. Engineers must carefully balance power efficiency, weight, thermal performance, and shielding requirements while often working within tight constraints on mass and volume. These considerations are essential for ensuring mission success and extending the operational lifespan of space systems in harsh extraterrestrial conditions.
