Printed Inductive Stent + Sensor Captures, Reports Blood-Flow Data

What you’ll learn:

How a wireless stent can be used for an implanted sensor and inductive link.
How the wireless stent was fabricated and used.
How the stent’s performance was evaluated.

There are multiple options for powering implanted medical sensors and devices, and each has its attributes. Among the choices are one-time battery, rechargeable battery, a body-fluid battery, and transmitted/coupled power. Obviously, the “right” option in a given situation is a function of the power needs and anticipated device lifetime. The standard way to monitor the relevant blood-flow-related factors is with an angiogram, which is complicated, costly, and may require use of dyes.

Now, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) have devised a tiny “printed” sensor for continuous monitoring of hemodynamics—blood flow through the vascular system. It will provide insight into conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, which occur in long and twisting vascular systems with arteries of varying diameter and curvature. Their approach is based on a wireless smart-stent platform with integrated soft sensors that uses inductive coupling for real-time monitoring.

The device offers real-time, simultaneous monitoring of pressure, pulse rate, and flow. Their fully printed pressure sensors function as a resonant LC-tank circuit and change dimensions with blood-flow pulsations, thus shifting their resonant frequency—a shift that can be detected wirelessly. The sensors have fast response times and high durability, and they provide sensing even at the small bending radii of the body’s arteries (Fig. 1).

1. Overview of a fully implantable, wireless vascular electronic system with printed sensors for wireless monitoring of hemodynamics: (A) Illustration of the implantable electronic components. (B) Inductive stent design using conductive Au loops and nonconductive polyimide (PI) connectors to achieve a current path resembling a solenoid (left) and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the stent (right). (C) Layers of the soft pressure sensor using a printed dielectric layer (left) and photo of index finger holding a simultaneous flow and pressure sensor (right). AgNP, silver nanoparticle; PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane. (D) Illustration of minimally invasive catheter deployment and balloon expansion of the wireless vascular stent. (E) Initial and expanded state of the sensor-integrated stent system. (F) Wireless stent system implanted in the right iliac artery of living rabbit. (G) Illustration of the wireless design and sensing scheme to simultaneously monitor pressure, heart rate (HR), and flow.

Inductive Stent and Printed Pressure Sensors

The device consists of two integrated parts. They used a laser-machining process to form a multimaterial inductive stent that addresses the challenge of enabling wireless connectivity while maintaining critical stent dimensions and mechanics (note that they tested various stent geometries for suitable inductive performance). The soft pressure sensors are subsequently printed using an aerosol jet and then conformally integrated with the stent. Keep in mind that stents must be fairly narrow to be implantable, with a typical diameter of a millimeter or less.

By using a printed elastomer pattern as the dielectric, they achieved fast response times and pressure sensing even with a bending radius of 0.25 mm. They say that’s a key advantage because flexible pressure sensors often have difficulties sensing during bending or degrade at bending radii as large as tens of millimeters.

Test Procedures and Results

The wireless device is compatible with conventional medical-stenting procedures and had a 5.5-cm readout distance in air and 3.5 cm in blood, which is a 2X to 3X improvement in the wireless distance compared to existing stent-based devices. Baseline resonant frequencies of devices in the artery model ranged from 70 to 110 MHz, depending on stent inductance and sensor capacitance. The device was tested in both a biomimetic silicone artery with pulsatile flow (Fig. 2) as well as via an in vivo study in a rabbit.

2. Experimental setup of artery model for pressure and flow monitoring: (A) Photo of testing setup with pulsatile pump. (B) Illustration of artery model for testing with pulsatile flow.

The stent used 27 loops with a wire width of 120 mm and a length of 28 mm. Wireless performance was characterized using a loop reader antenna connected to a vector network analyzer (VNA), which recorded the S₁₁ parameter of the expanded stent integrated with a printed capacitive sensor (Figs. 3 and 4).

3. Wireless testing setup and distance measurement: (A) Photo of laptop and network analyzer used to record S11 parameter values. (B) Antenna wrapped around artery model for low-distance measurements. (C) Illustration of radial and axial distance for wireless measurements.

4. Readout distances and antenna variations for 5-mm diameter stent: (A) Axial readout distance of stent and Cu coil with a 1-cm diameter antenna. (B) Axial distance of stent with and without 1-cm-diameter antenna matching. (C) Axial distance of stent with different unmatched antenna diameters. (D) Radial readout distance of stent and Cu coil. (E) Radial readout distance of stent with and without antenna matching.

Test results across multiple physiological parameters showed good correlation with other established techniques (Fig. 5).

Georgia Institute of Technology

5. Demonstration of wireless sensing of pressure, pulse, and flow: (A) Photo of wireless sensing system advancing through a guide catheter. (B) Expanded stent and sensor in artery model. Inset shows a cross-section of the low-profile electronics. Enlarged views show the expanded stent structure and PI connectors. (C) Schematic of wired and wireless sensing methods in artery model. (D) Sensor capacitance during pulsatile flow in artery model with an enlarged view of pressure waveform. (E) Summary of wired sensor response during various flow-rate levels. Capacitance increases linearly with pressure, indicating that flow has a minimal effect. (F) Wireless resonant frequency sweeps at different pressures. The resonant frequency decreases with increasing pressure. (G) Wireless pressure sensing in artery model with an enlarged view of the pulsatile wave. (H) Summary of wireless pressure sensing of average, maximum, and minimum pressures during pulsatile flow. (I) Pulse-rate detection during two flow conditions. The wireless sensor detects a similar pulse rate to a commercial pressure sensor. (J) Wireless stent integrated with dual pressure sensor for monitoring of flow. The two sensors provide monitoring of two resonant frequencies, enabling real-time pressure-gradient (ΔP) monitoring. (K) Summary of wireless flow monitoring comparing the pressure gradients monitored by the wireless sensor and commercial sensors. (L) Wireless signal from the device when operated in air and saline. The conductive surrounding lowers the wireless signal quality. (M) Wireless readout distances in air, saline, and saline plus tissue. (N) Photo of external antenna and artery model embedded in meat at maximum readout distance.

“Basically, you can put this sensor system anywhere inside the body,” noted lead researcher Woon-Hong Yeo. “The other thing about this technology platform is, in addition to being an implantable sensor system, it can be used as a wearable system. Think about a smartwatch and how much of its bulk is taken up by circuits or batteries. If you remove all of that, you have a device that is thinner than a typical Band-Aid, an almost invisible health monitor that you can wear anywhere.”

Their readable 13-page paper “Fully implantable wireless batteryless vascular electronics with printed soft sensors for multiplex sensing of hemodynamics” in Science Advances provides extensive background, concept, fabrication, and evaluation details. That formal paper also has an interesting table where they provide a performance comparison of their approach versus other implantable, wireless arterial sensors and systems.

In addition, they posted a comprehensive, 45-page Supplementary Materials file that not only provides even more depth but also shows and models some of the stent geometries they evaluated but decided to not use.