Functional Connectivity MRI Helps Measure Brain Activity

March 14, 2014

Improvements in functional connectivity MRI are being made at the Medical College of Wisconsin’s Biophysics Research Institute with the help of accurate timing from Pentek’s Model 78621 high speed DAC.

William G. Wong

Andre Jesmanowicz, associate professor at the Biophysics Research Institute of the Medical College of Wisconsin, is utilizing functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) to enhance brain activity measurements. The technique reduces the time needed to acquire a single volumetric echo-planar imaging (EPI) data set. Whole brain studies require a full data set created using cross correlation of a seed voxel resting-state time course with other voxel time courses. The goal was to generate a whole brain scan in under two seconds.

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Multislice acquisition of 2D MR images usually processes one slice at a time. Scanning multiple slices at one time can accelerate the process, but this requires a more precise excitation process. This multislice excitation uses RF pulses with distinct phase tagging of each slice, which required a method to disentangle the information from overlapping slices. A Pentek Model 78621 dual-channel 800-MHz digital-to-analog converter (DAC) was used in the interpolating mode to create RF pulses with a 2-ns sampling rate and smooth stair-step-less modulation.

The synthesized RF pulses provide a coherent image (see the figure) compared to the first, conventionally obtained image. The scans were performed in conjunction with a GE Signa EXCITE 3 T MR Scanner. The accuracy of the DAC board provided a reference signal that compensated for the phase of off-resonance frequencies used to excite different slices.

Electronicdesign Com Sites Electronicdesign com Files Uploads 2014 03 105551 Fig1 Mri

A conventional EPI phase image (a) made from axial slices shows a lack of phase coherence compared to one created using synthesized RF pulses (b) that matches a standard image (c).

The system obtains N slices for each of the n-number RF coil arrays. The first few slices are discarded and the remaining images are averaged to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The result is N by n complex-valued reference images with good SNR.

MRIs have proven invaluable for diagnostics and research. Generating a more accurate MRI faster will help reduce the time patients need to spend in an MRI machine as well as provide more information to researchers.

About the Author

William G. Wong | Senior Content Director - Electronic Design and Microwaves & RF

I am Editor of Electronic Design focusing on embedded, software, and systems. As Senior Content Director, I also manage Microwaves & RF and I work with a great team of editors to provide engineers, programmers, developers and technical managers with interesting and useful articles and videos on a regular basis. Check out our free newsletters to see the latest content.

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I earned a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology and a Masters in Computer Science from Rutgers University. I still do a bit of programming using everything from C and C++ to Rust and Ada/SPARK. I do a bit of PHP programming for Drupal websites. I have posted a few Drupal modules.

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